2 • Lesson 1 Word List

calf

(n) 1. The back part of the leg between the  knee and the ankle.
My left calf itches where the poison ivy touched it.

2. A young cow or bull.
The baby calf stays close to its mother.

claw

(n) 1. The sharp curved nail on the toe of a bird or animal.
Karl held out his hand, and the parrot wrapped its claws around his finger.

2. The part of a crab or lobster used for gripping.
The lobster grabbed the clam with its big claw and held it.

(v) To scratch or dig with sharp nails.
Our dog clawed at the back door so she could come into the house.

couple*

(n) 1. Two things of the same kind.
There are a couple of cups on the shelf. Will you bring me one?

2. Two people who do things together.
The couple skated slowly around the rink, moving with the music.

A couple is ice skating together, holding hands and smiling.
cushion

(n) A pillow or a pad with a soft filling.
Tammy rested her head on the cushion and soon fell asleep.

flap

(n) Something attached on only one side so that it can move freely.
Colin licked the flap of the envelope and then pressed it down.

(v) To move up and down.
We heard the geese flap their wings as they flew over the pond.

Two ducks flapping their wings as they fly.
groom

(n) 1. A person who takes care of horses.
The groom led the horse out of the stall to brush it.

2. A man who is getting married.
The groom slipped the wedding ring on the bride's finger.

(v) To clean or make neat.
The mother cat groomed the kitten's fur by licking it until it was smooth.

A mother cat is licking its kitten, making the kitten's fur smooth and clean.
share*

(n) A part that each person gets of a whole.
Your share of the pizza will be two slices.

(v) To use or enjoy with others.
My sister and I share a bedroom.

shelter

(n) Anything that covers or protects.
Our dog looks for shelter under the bed when he hears thunder.

(v) To give protection or safety to someone or something.
The small porch sheltered us from the rain.

Two children with backpacks stand under a small roof, sheltered from the rain.
yard

(n) 1. The land around a building.
We lived in a house with a large yard.

2. A length equal to three feet, or thirty-six inches.
You need three yards of cloth to make your costume for the play.

zero

(n) The word name for 0. It stands for nothing.
Three plus zero equals three.

civil law the branch of law that resolves disputes between individuals or organizations and typically involves remedies such as damages or court orders
limited government the idea that government power is restricted by law and clearly defined boundaries to prevent abuse
criminal law the branch of law in which the government prosecutes individuals for violating laws and may impose penalties such as fines or imprisonment
bill a proposed law introduced in Congress for consideration
executive order a directive issued by the president that manages operations of the executive branch and has the force of law within that branch
federalism a system of government in which power is divided between a national government and state governments. In the U.S. system of government this means the national government has enumerated powers (powers given to it by the Constitution), the states have reserved powers (powers not given to the national government are reserved to the states) and concurrent powers (powers that both national and state governments share)
individual rights freedoms and protections that limit what government can do and safeguard personal liberty, even against majority decisions
popular sovereignty the principle that government authority comes from the people who grant power to leaders through consent and participation
checks and balances a system that allows each part of government to limit the actions of the others to prevent the concentration of power.
separation of powers the division of government authority among different branches so that no single part controls all power